What are the nine propositions presented by Sutherland?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: Criminal behavior is learned.
Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication.
The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs with intimate personal groups.
When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very complicated, sometimes very simple; (b) the specific directions of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes.
The specific direction of motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable.
A person becomes criminal because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of the law over definitions unfavorable to violation of the law.
Differential associations may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity.
The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning.
While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values; it is not explained by those general needs and values, since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values.
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Many probation and parole officers face ethical issues because their role involves the sometimes inconsistent goals of:
a. Treatment and punishment. b. Retribution and punishment. c. Control and supervision. d. Monitoring and counseling.
The Department of Homeland Security was created after the terrorist attacks on September 11, 2001.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)
In William Julius Wilson's book, he finds that most adults in inner-city ghetto neighborhoods are not working during a typical week
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Many cases sent to juvenile court intake are handled by informal probation
a. True b. False