Which of the following are pathologic alterations found with emphysema?
1. Air trapping and hyperinflation
2. Mucus plugs
3. Decreased surface area for gas exchange
4. Weakened respiratory bronchioles
a. 1, 2
b. 2, 4
c. 1, 3, 4
d. 1, 2, 3, 4
C
Patients with emphysema have weakened distal airways with permanent enlargement and destruction of the airspaces distal to the terminal bronchioles. This results in hyperinflation, destruction of the alveolar-capillary membrane, and decreased surface area available for gas exchange.
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