Sickle-cell anemia is caused when one nucleotide is changed to another nucleotide in the hemoglobin gene. How does this one small change cause the life-threatening disease of sickle-cell anemia?

What will be an ideal response?


Substituting this one nucleotide changes the amino acid from glutamic acid codon to valine. Glutamic acid is a polar negatively charged amino acid whereas valine is a nonpolar. Even though it is only a single base change, the result is a major change in the amino acid that allows the hemoglobin protein to stick to other hemoglobin proteins that results in the sickling of the red blood cell.

Biology & Microbiology

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In the carbon cycle, ______ from the atmosphere is used in photosynthesis to synthesize carbon-containing organic molecules in a process called ______.  

A.  carbon dioxide; combustion B.  carbon dioxide; carbon fixation C.  hydrocarbons; oxidation D.  hydrocarbons; cellular respiration

Biology & Microbiology

The fermentation pathway serves to recycle NADH back into NAD+.

a. true b. false

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Examine the photomicrograph on the right, taken using an oil-immersion objective, the highest practical magnification of a light microscope. (The final magnification is 770x.)

(a) Based on your observation, identify the kingdom to which the organism belongs. (b) Justify your answer.

Biology & Microbiology

Spirilli are Gram-negative bacteria that possess internal flagella, which cause the entire cell to twist in a corkscrew

pattern.

Indicate whether the statement is true or false.

Biology & Microbiology