The signaling pathways triggered by Toll-like receptors typically result in activation of which of the following pairs of transcription factors?
A. NFAT and T-bet
B. AP-1 and GATA-3
C. Fos and STAT-6
D. NF?B and AP-1
E. Lck and Jun
ANS: D. The predominant signaling pathway used by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) results in the activation of the NF-κB transcription factor. Ligand binding to the TLR at the cell surface leads to recruitment of several cytoplasmic signaling molecules through specific domain-domain interactions, resulting in degradation of IκB and subsequent activation of NFκB. In some cell types, certain TLRs also engage other signaling pathways, such as the MAP kinase cascade, leading to activation of the AP-1 transcription factor. T-bet and GATA-3 are transcriptional regulators involved in helper T cell differentiation. Fos is a component of AP-1, and STAT-6 is a transcription factor activated by IL-4 binding to cells. Lck is not a transcription factor, but rather a tyrosine protein kinase involved in antigen-receptor signaling in T cells.
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