Which Enlightenment Period influenced reformer wrote in his book On Crimes and Punishment that “it is essential that [punishment] be public, speedy, necessary, the minimum possible in the given circumstances, proportionate to the crime, and determined by law?”

A. Jeremy Bentham
B. Cesare Beccaria
C. John Howard
D. William Penn


B. Cesare Beccaria

Criminal Justice

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When our beliefs about a group of people, such as particular race or religion, impact how we respond to this group, we call this what?

a. Stereotypic association b. Racial association c. Stereotypic determinism d. Stereotypic profiling

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Which state is not one of the “Big Four” among correctional system scholars?

a. Texas b. New York c. Oklahoma d. Florida

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Local gun courts that deal exclusively with gun law violations reinforce community standards against violence and ensure swift punishment of violators

a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false

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The DEA classifies cocaine as a “dangerous drug.”

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice