A woman is in her seventh month of pregnancy. She has been complaining of nasal con-gestion and occasional epistaxis. The nurse suspects that:
a. This is a normal respiratory change in pregnancy caused by elevated levels of es-trogen.
b. This is an abnormal cardiovascular change, and the nosebleeds are an ominous sign.
c. The woman is a victim of domestic violence and is being hit in the face by her partner.
d. The woman has been using cocaine intranasally.
A
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A Elevated levels of estrogen cause capillaries to become engorged in the respira-tory tract. This may result in edema in the nose, larynx, trachea, and bronchi. This congestion may cause nasal stuffiness and epistaxis.
B Cardiovascular changes in pregnancy may cause edema in lower extremities.
C This determination cannot be made on the basis of the sparse facts provided. If the woman had been hit in the face, she most likely would have additional physical findings.
D This determination cannot be made on the basis of the sparse facts provided.
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