Describe the research in which 1-year-old babies were placed on an ambiguous visual cliff. What did this research reveal about emotion?
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: A good answer will include the following key points.
• The ambiguous visual cliff did not drop off sharply as the traditional version did. Therefore, it did not automatically evoke fear.
• When mothers put on a happy expression, most babies crossed the cliff (74 percent).
• When mothers showed an expression of fear, no infants would cross the cliff.
• Young children do not yet have the experience to judge danger.
• Therefore, they look to their parents to determine whether they should be alarmed or not.
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In order to successfully shape Sniffy’s begging behavior in Exercise 45, it is essential that the sound-food association be at its maximum, because
a. such shaping will require the sound of the magazine but not food. b. such shaping requires the previous establishment of a secondary reinforcer. c. the begging behavior to be shaped resembles a bar press. d. the sound-bar association will be close to zero.
While returning home from office, Luke was robbed by two men in his neighborhood. After the incident, Luke realized that many people had been watching the incident yet no one had tried to help him fight or catch the culprits. This unwillingness of the people to aid Luke is an example of the _____
A) actor-observer effect B) primacy effect C) bystander effect D) recency effect
People who believe in ____________ maintained that life could not be explained by the interactions of physical and chemical properties only.
a) materialism b) physicalism c) vitalism d) essentialism
Poppy uses a software package on her computer to create a number of abstract images. She finds that each person who looks at the images sees something different in them. If Poppy records the responses that each person provides, she may find the answers are similar to those that would be obtained using the:
a. Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) b. Neuroticism Extroversion Openness Personality Inventory, Revised (NEO-PI-R) c. Rorschach test d. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)