Papachristos and Kirk (2006)’s finding of a mediating relationship among collective efficacy, concentrated disadvantage, and violent behavior indicated which of the following?

a. Neither collective efficacy nor concentrated disadvantage impacted violent gang behavior.
b. Collective efficacy impacts violent gang behavior through levels of concentrated disadvantage.
c. The magnitude of the impact of collective efficacy and concentrated disadvantage could not be determined.
d. Concentrated disadvantage impacts violent gang behavior, regardless of collective efficacy.


b. Collective efficacy impacts violent gang behavior through levels of concentrated disadvantage.

Criminal Justice

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In _____________ , the Supreme Court upheld the Fair Labor Standards Act of 1938

a. United States v. Darby b. Bowers v. Hardwick c. Olmstead v. United States d. McCulloch v. Maryland

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Serial killers generally deny the victim according to neutralization theory.

Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)

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Prison treatment programs based on __________ behavioral interventions can reduce future recidivism by offenders

Fill in the blank(s) with correct word

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An offender may be assigned to a caseload or workload based on his residence and/or a salient characteristic, such as a substance abuse problem

a. True b. False

Criminal Justice