Compare and contrast the characteristics of preconventional, conventional, and postconventional morality in Lawrence Kohlberg's model of the development of moral reasoning.
What will be an ideal response?
The ideal answer should include:
1. Preconventional morality consists of moral reasoning focused on avoiding punishment (stage 1) or gaining rewards (stage 2).
2. Conventional morality consists of moral reasoning focused on fulfilling the expectations of others in a person's social group (stage 3) and conforming to the laws of society (stage 4).
3. Postconventional morality consists of moral reasoning focused on abstract principles related to human rights, such as life, liberty, and freedom of speech. Moral rules are those that are agreed upon by the group to serve the needs of society (stage 5) or universal moral and ethical principles that go beyond the laws of any particular society (stage 6).
4. Kohlberg later agreed that stage 6 reasoning is rare to nonexistent.
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What is one academic benefit of metacognition?
a. It helps guide actions to improve understanding. b. It supports fantasy play. c. It encourages a competitive outlook for problem solving. d. It helps children form more secure attachments.
What general conclusion can we draw about our memory accuracy for important events in our lives ("flashbulb memories")?
a. For these events, our memories are so accurate that the name "flashbulb memory" is appropriate. b. For a disastrous event, people who live far away from the event are actually somewhat more likely than others to develop an accurate "flashbulb memory." c. These "flashbulb memories" can be explained by ordinary mechanisms, such as rehearsal frequency. d. Surprisingly, these "flashbulb memories" become even more accurate as time passes since the original event.
According to Maslow, people fall into a "syndrome of decay" marked by despair, apathy, and alienation when which of the following needs go unfulfilled?
a. meta-needs b. basic needs c. esteem needs d. love and belonging needs
An experiment that seeks to confirm a previous finding by following the same experimental
procedure is called a(n) A) confirmation B) replication with extension C) replication D) self-correction