Which of the following best describes Kohlberg's pre-conventional level of moral reasoning?
a. Moral reasoning is based on the individual's own independent judgments rather than on what others view as wrong or right.
b. What is right is whatever agrees with the rules established by tradition and by authorities.
c. Rules should be obeyed to avoid punishment from those in authority.
d. Moral reasoning is based on perceptions of the likelihood of external rewards and punishments.
Answer: D
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