Which of the following is NOT one of the three requirements of the plain view doctrine?
a. Officers must become aware of the items by seeing them.
b. Officers must be in that specific location legally.
c. Officers must have reasonable suspicion an illegal activity has occurred.
d. It must be immediately apparent that the item is subject to seizure.
c
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The real importance of understanding nonverbal communication is to help an officer avoid nullifying the intention of his or her testimony.
a. True b. False
Shaw and McKay’s (1942) findings implied that the processes that lead to criminal activity most closely parallel those that determine the area’s ______.
a. ethnic/racial composition b. socioeconomic status c. percentage of males d. percentage of police officers
According to Travis Hirschi, one of the four social bonds that promote socialization and conformity is ________.
A. coercion B. commitment C. motivation D. containment
The shadowy organization known as Islamic Jihad is connected to which terrorist organization?
a. Al Qaeda b. Hezbollah c. PLO d. Hamas