All of the following are considered when judging whether a method of criminal punishment of prison discipline is cruel and unusual EXCEPT ______.
a. defendant’s statement
b. prevailing social views
c. penological purpose
d. human dignity
a. defendant’s statement
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The idea that punishment that is too severe may actually lead to more crime rather than prevent future crime is referred to as ______.
a. deterrence b. the just desserts hypothesis c. retribution d. the brutalization argument
Shaw and McKay popularized the idea of ecology in criminology through their ____________________ theory
Fill in the blank(s) with correct word
The psychoanalytic theory of criminality attributes delinquent and criminal behavior to at least three possible causes. Which of the following is not one of those causes?
A. a conscience so overbearing that it arouses feelings of guilt B. a conscience so weak that it cannot control the individual's impulses C. the need for immediate gratification D. an overactive superego or conscience
US juvenile courts process approximately 1.6 million delinquency cases annually
a. True b. False Indicate whether the statement is true or false