When designing a research study, the nurse should have which of these understandings about independent and dependent variables?
a. All research problem statements should contain a dependent and an independent variable.
b. There should only be one dependent variable associated with a single independent variable.
c. The relationship between the independent and the dependent variable in any study should be causal.
d. A given characteristic or situation may be the dependent variable in one study and the independent variable in another.
ANS: D
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A Some descriptive studies may have one variable only, and qualitative studies do not include independent and dependent variables.
B Many studies include more than one independent variable and more than one dependent variable.
C The relationship between independent and dependent variables is not necessarily causal. An association between variables need not indicate causality.
D Depending on the particular study, a specific variable may be the dependent or the independent variable. The causal or associative direction between variables determines the classification of the variables as independent or dependent.
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