A study that studies non-smoking women with stage IV non-small cell lung cancer, following the progression of the disease in response to treatment, could have which of the following designs? (Select all that apply.)
a. Comparative descriptive
b. Time-dimensional
c. Experimental
d. Cross-sectional
e. Trend designs
f. Longitudinal
g. Event partitioning
ANS: B, D, F, G
The comparative descriptive design examines and describes differences in variables in two or more groups that occur naturally in the setting. Time-dimensional designs examine trends over time, growth, or sequences and patterns of change. The dimension of time, then, becomes an important factor. The samples in time-dimensional studies are called cohorts. Experimental designs involve a researcher intervention, measuring its effect. Cross-sectional designs examine groups of subjects in various stages of development, trends, patterns, and changes simultaneously with the intent to describe changes in the phenomenon across stages. Trend designs examine changes in the general population in relation to a particular phenomenon. Longitudinal designs examine changes in the same subjects over time. A merger of the cross-sectional or longitudinal and trend designs, the event-partitioning design, is used in some cases to increase sample size and to avoid the effects of history on the validity of findings.
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