Which of the following is a sign of glenohumeral instability?
A. Positive Lachman test
B. Negative Spurling's sign
C. Positive apprehension test
D. Negative Lhermitte sign
ANS: C
Unlike the other conditions affecting the shoulder, glenohumeral instability is most common in young patients who are physically active. The instability can result in displacement of the humeral head in various directions. The patient will experience sudden onset of pain and be unwilling to move the arm. The displacement may follow an acute injury/trauma or may be associated with specific movements or overuse. A positive apprehension test suggests glenohumeral instability. This can be somewhat validated by performing the relocation test, in which the apprehension test is immediately followed by placing mild anterior pressure on the arm paired with external rotation.
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