Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) may be perinatally transmitted:
a. Only in the third trimester from the maternal circulation.
b. By a needlestick injury at birth from unsterile instruments.
c. Only through the ingestion of amniotic fluid.
d. Through the ingestion of breast milk from an infected mother.
ANS: D
Postnatal transmission of HIV through breastfeeding may occur. Transmission of HIV from the mother to the infant may occur transplacentally at various gestational ages. Transmission close to or at the time of birth is thought to account for 50% to 80% of cases.
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