The Wickersham Commission is associated with which era of policing?
a. Spoils
b. Turbulent 60's
c. Reform
d. Community Policing
c
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With regard to racism in police decision-making, including arrest and use of force the research results, ______.
a. almost unanimously show the influence of racial factors b. almost unanimously show that race has no influence c. are mixed d. are not worthy of discussion because the research is poorly done
What percentage of defendants who are sentenced to death in the United States are later shown to be innocent?
A. 1.2 percent B. 2.5 percent C. 4.1 percent D. 6.2 percent
Answer the following statement(s) true (T) or false (F)
1. The standard of proof to be used in a juvenile adjudication hearing is a preponderance of the evidence. 2. The most lenient disposition of a case is known as deferred adjudication. 3. A predisposition report is analogous to an adult presentence report. 4. Wilderness programs have a better recidivism rate than boot camps. 5. Countries that use a welfare model of juvenile justice are more concerned about the well-being of children than about legalities.
Which of the following criminologists is credited with first drawing attention to white-collar crime within the social sciences?
a. Karl Marx b. Sarbanes Oxley c. Richard Quinney d. Edwin Sutherland