Distinguish between self-efficacy and self-esteem. How do these concepts reflect their origins in social learning theory? Suggest how self-esteem may vary across cultures.
What will be an ideal response?
The student's answer should contain the following points:
Self-efficacy refers to one's belief that one can master a situation and produce positive outcomes. Self-esteem is the component of personality that encompasses our positive and negative self-evaluations. These concepts stem from the idea that we observe others receiving reinforcement for completing tasks and that one can form expectations regarding our own ability to receive reinforcement from the environment for our behavior. In this way, the concepts of self-efficacy and self-esteem reflect the influence of social learning theory.
The basis for self-esteem may differ from one culture to another. In Asian cultures, one's ability to maintain harmonious relationships with others contributes more importantly to self-esteem than it does in the more individualistic societies of the West.
You might also like to view...
Which of the following statements about sleep problems is not true? a. Infants and toddlers have less night-waking problems
b. Preschoolers have more falling-asleep problems. c. Younger school-age children have more going-to-bed problems. d. Adults have trouble finding enough time to sleep.
Which of the following is a self-fulfilling prophecy?
A. unintentionally eliciting rude behavior because we expect someone to be rude B. basing our entire evaluation of someone on a single trait C. treating someone as better because they are attractive D. being confused over why someone treats you the way they do
Researchers are training pigeons to peck to receive food pellets when they see gratings but withhold their pecks to receive pellets when they see a uniform gray circle. This procedure will help the researchers determine a. whether or not pigeons can see color
b. whether or not pigeons have feature detectors. c. how much contrast a grating must have before it looks different from the gray circle to a pigeon. d. whether pigeons are intelligent enough to learn to peck one stimulus rather than another.
Critics worry that fetal monitoring
A) should not be used because it is a risky procedure. B) is not helpful in detecting hidden problems with the baby. C) identifies babies as in danger who, in fact, are not. D) increases the likelihood of infant brain damage.