A pipelined processor has the following characteristics:
• Loads 18%
• Load stall (load penalty) 1 cycle
• Branches 22%
• Probability a branch is taken 80%
• Branch penalty on taken 3 cycles
• RAW dependencies 20% of all instructions except branches
• RAW penalty 1 cycle
Estimate the average cycles per instruction for this processor.
We have to add the load and data and branch stalls.
Load stalls: 18% × 1 = 0.18.
Data stalls: 78% × 20% × 1 = 0.156.
Branch stalls 22% × 80% × 3 = .66 × .8 = .528
Total = 1 + 0.18 + 0.156 + 0.528 = 1.864 cpi
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