An important sign that indicates nerve compression at the cauda equina section of the spinal cord is:
A. Urinary incontinence
B. Urinary retention
C. Bladder spasms
D. All of the above
ANS: D
Neurogenic (or neuropathic) bladder is the failure of the bladder to store or to empty. There may be spontaneous and uncoordinated contractions of the bladder when it is filling, or the bladder and sphincter may not work in concert, preventing the bladder from effectively emptying. Risk factors include spinal cord injury, trauma to the central nervous system, diabetes mellitus, spina bifida, multiple sclerosis, spinal disk disease, and pelvic surgery, among many others. A variety of urinary complaints may occur, including incontinence, dribbling, and retention as well as disorders of bladder sensation.
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