Pyruvate is the end product of

a. glycolysis.
b. acetyl-CoA formation.
c. fermentation.
d. the Krebs cycle.
e. the citric acid cycle.


Answer: a

Biology & Microbiology

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Aerobic respiration takes place in

a. chloroplasts only. b. mitochondria only. c. chloroplasts first, then mitochondria. d. mitochondria first, then chloroplasts

Biology & Microbiology

Based on the below diagram and other information from your text, what is the most likely (e.g., most parsimonious) explanation for the evolution of flight in vertebrates?  



A.  The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in pterosaurs and in the common ancestor of birds and dinosaurs.
B.  Wings evolved once in vertebrates (e.g., the common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates had wings) and wings were subsequently lost in all but three lineages: bats, pterosaurs and birds.
C.  The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in pterosaurs and in birds.
D.  The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently two different times: once in bats and once in the common ancestor of birds, pterosaurs and dinosaurs.
E.  The common ancestor of all terrestrial vertebrates was wingless and wings evolved independently three different times: in bats, in birds and in the common ancestor of pterosaurs and dinosaurs.

Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
· What type of thinking is required?

Gather Content
· What do you know about the evolution of flight in vertebrates? What other information is related to the question?

Choose Answer · Given what you now know, what information is most likely to produce the correct answer?

Reflect on Process
· Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?

Biology & Microbiology

Which of the following is not an assumption in the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium and will result in a change in allele frequency?

A. no natural selection B. random mating C. individuals immigrate or emigrate D. a very large population E. mutations do not occur

Biology & Microbiology

Meiosis proceeds different in males compared to females. Which of the following best describes one of those differences?

A. The haploid cells produced by spermatogenesis are genetically diverse from the original parent cell and the haploid cells produced by oogenesis are genetically identical to the original parent cell. B. Spermatogenesis occurs in the ovaries and oogenesis occurs in the testes. C. Spermatogenesis results in the production of four haploid sperm cells and oogenesis results in the production of a single haploid egg cell. D. Spermatogenesis produces haploid cells and oogenesis produces diploid cells. E. Spermatogenesis begins while the man is still a fetus, but oogenesis does not begin until after a woman reaches puberty.

Biology & Microbiology