The table shows the distribution of traits (A-E) in six extant species (1-6). A "0" indicates the ancestral condition, and a "1" indicates the derived condition. Which pair of species shares the greatest number of derived characters (synapomorphies)?

Question

A.  4 and 5

B.  2 and 4

C.  1 and 4

D.  3 and 4

E.  2 and 5



Clarify Question

· What is the key concept addressed by the question?

· What type of thinking is required?

· What key words does the question contain and what do they mean?

 

Gather Content

· What do you already know about cladistics?

 

Consider Possibilities

· What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful?

 

Choose Answer

· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?

 

Reflect on Process · Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?

 

Answer 1

A.  4 and 5

Clarify Question
· What is the key concept addressed by the question?
        o This question addresses cladistics.
· What type of thinking is required?
        o This question is asking you to take what you already know and apply it to this unfamiliar situation.
· What key words does the question contain and what do they mean?
        o Traits are features of an organism, used as data to build a tree.
        o Extant species are still alive – i.e., not extinct.
        o The ancestral condition of a trait is the original condition; the derived condition is the more newly evolved version.
        o A synapomorphy is a shared derived character. In other words, a newly-evolved trait shared by a group of species.
 
Gather Content
· What do you already know about cladistics?
        o Cladistics is the method used to construct a cladogram — a graphically represented hypothesis of evolutionary relationships.
        o Only shared derived characters are useful for inferring phylogenies, and they must be contrasted to an outgroup that has the ancestral characters.
 
Consider Possibilities
· What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful?
        o The “1”s are derived characters; the ‘”0”s are ancestral characters.
 
Choose Answer
· Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer?
        o Species 4 and 5 both share all five derived characters.
 
Reflect on Process · Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
        o This question asked which two species share the most derived characters.
        o The question required you to take what you already know and apply it to this unfamiliar situation.
        o Did you recognize that the derived characters are marked with “1”s in the chart?