According to Klahm and Tillyer (2010), some evidence suggests that has been found to be unrelated to propensity to use force by one study, but not in another.

a. Police training
b. Officer age
c. Years of experience
d. Level of education


b. Officer age

Criminal Justice

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There are three levels of police agencies in Canada. Which of the following is not one of them?

a. federal police b. provincial police c. state police d. municipal police

Criminal Justice

Which of the following was NOT identified as one of the main issues associated with cyberespionage?

a. Malicious software can be developed and used by actors with limited and large resources and without developing specific tools. b. Hackers across the Internet share tools and techniques, making it very difficult to distinguish between hackers. c. Nation-states and crime organizations never use independent hackers to avoid being associated with a cyberattack. d. Actors route Internet traffic through different countries, making it appear to come from another country.

Criminal Justice

The doctrine that holds that government functions are owed to the general public but not to specific individuals is the

a. deep pockets doctrine. b. public duty doctrine. c. deliberate indifference doctrine. d. good faith doctrine.

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An explanation of drug abuse that posits that users begin with a more benign drug (alcohol or marijuana) and progress to more potent drugs is known as the _____ model

A) ??gateway B) ??benign C) ??open-ended D) ??progressive

Criminal Justice