Which of the following reasons were offered as support for the historical view that drug addiction is a uniquely human condition?
a. Humans have free will and voluntarily take drugs, whereas laboratory animals do not and must be forced to consume a drug.
b. Humans can choose to engage in the sin of drug taking, whereas laboratory animals cannot, and this sin is punished by addiction.
c. Humans can learn the association between drug self-administration and the alleviation of withdrawal symptoms, whereas laboratory animals cannot.
d. Slow absorption of a drug from the digestive tract prevents laboratory animals from drawing an association between drug administration and subjective drug effects, so that addiction could never develop.
e. All of the above reasons were offered to explain the uniquely human nature of drug addiction.
Answer: E
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