Describe why ascites, portal hypertension, and esophageal varices occur in patients with cirrhosis
The restricted blood flow within the liver results in a greater volume of portal blood, which causes a rise in blood pressure in the portal vein known as portal hypertension. When portal blood flow is impeded, the blood is forced backward into nearby veins and then diverted to the systemic circulation via collateral vessels, which develop and expand throughout the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and in regions near the abdominal wall. As portal pressure builds, some of these collaterals can become enlarged and engorged with blood, forming abnormally dilated vessels called varices and these can occur in the esophagus. Ascites is primarily a consequence of portal hypertension, sodium and water retention in the kidneys, and reduced albumin synthesis in the diseased liver. The elevated pressure causes fluid to leak into the abdominal cavity.
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AS is a 54 year old business man who has a family history of lung cancer. AS started smoking at 15; years later, he got what he thought was a very bad cold that lasted for a week, started experiencing pain in his tongue, and was given ibuprofen for pain. He then noticed white sores that were getting bigger in his oral cavity near the tongue. He started feeling generally lousy and was unable to
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Of the following, which is rapidly corrected when treated with vitamin A supplements?
a. Acne b. Rickets c. Osteomalacia d. Night blindness e. Scurvy
Which of the following conditions involves pain external to the joints?
a. Osteoarthritis b. Rheumatoid arthritis c. Gout d. Fibromyalgia
Fiber is a ____
A) monosaccharide B) disaccharide C) polysaccharide D) sugar alcohol