What is an observational research design and how can such an approach further our understanding of abnormal behavior. What limitations are there of such designs and how can these be overcome?
What will be an ideal response?
When an observational research design is employed, no manipulation is made, and data is merely gathered on the subject or subjects of interest. A group that is at risk for some disorder or one that has a particular disorder may be studied in order to gather information as to the factors that might influence the development of the disorder or the progression of the disorder. Just as a control group is used in an experiment, a control group must be used when conducting observational research. It is important, however, to recognize that no conclusions can be made about cause and effect. Correlational data, observing that two factors are related, does not permit such conclusions to be made as other factors may be the true cause for the observed relationship. For example, if a researcher observes a correlation between obesity and depression, it can't be concluded that depression causes obesity or that obesity causes depression. While either may be true, it cannot be determined from such data. In addition to these obvious causal connections, there could be additional factors that are causing both problems. Thus, while observational research designs provide information as to how things are related, no conclusions can be made as to cause and effect. GRADING RUBRIC: 10 points total, 2 points for explaining observational research design, 2 points for how it can be used, 3 points for limitations, 3 points for how limitations can be overcome.
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Which statement about the development of dissociative identity disorder (DID) is accurate?
a. Child abuse is frequently reported as the trigger for the disorder. b. The start of the disorder is usually unrelated to family stresses. c. The disorder usually cannot be detected until middle age. d. Characteristics of individuals diagnosed with DID have remained stable over time.
According to the place theory of pitch perception, pitch is partially determined by:
a. the frequency of neural impulses traveling along the auditory pathways b. the location in the cerebral cortex where the sound is decoded c. how often the same sound has been encountered in the past d. the location of the activated hair cells on the basilar membrane
Dustin is working on a term paper with his best friend. Recent research that has investigated attributional biases suggests that under these circumstances, Dustin is:
a. less likely to show the self-serving bias b. more likely to show the self-serving bias c. more likely to make the fundamental attribution error d. less likely to initiate a self-fulfilling prophecy
With jet lag, one would be expected to experience
a. excessive arousal. b. fatigue, irritability, upset stomach, and depression. c. periods of mental inefficiency interspersed with periods of enhanced mental agility. d. changes in personality traits.