Describe the molecules and processes involved in cell communication control of blood sugar
What will be an ideal response?
Blood sugar is controlled by long distance cell communication. Epinephrine, which is a polar hormone
that is recognized by a surface receptor embedded in the plasma membrane, is released in response to
stress and activates the enzyme glycogen phophorylase that catalyzes the breakdown of glycogen.
Glycogen is broken into glucose molecules that are released into the bloodstream. Insulin is a polar
peptide hormone that regulates blood sugar by triggering receptor tyrosine kinases ultimately resulting
in the uptake up glucose. Hereditary defects in the specific cell membrane receptor are responsible for
the accumulation of glucose in the blood, causing a form of diabetes. The cells do not respond to
insulin’s signal to add glucose receptors to take up glucose. Glucagon is a polar peptide hormone that
triggers a cAMP receptor-response pathway that stimulates the breakdown of glycogen into glucose.
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Levinthal's paradox highlighted that:
A. protein folding rarely can be predicted by computational biology. B. protein folding cannot be a random event. C. hydrophobic residues lead to protein folding events. D. hydrophilic residues lead to protein folding events. E. Ramachandran plots cannot predict protein folding in complex proteins.
Which of the following stimuli will NOT activate a nociceptor?
A. extremes in temperature B. very intense mechanical stimulation C. specific chemicals in the extracellular fluid D. chemicals released by injured cells E. external odorant molecules
Describe the neurophysiological changes that are involved in long-term memory. What will be an ideal response?
In DNA replication what is the name of the strand that is copied in fragments
What will be an ideal response?