A client nearing end of life is experiencing extreme pain. What should the nurse keep in mind when providing for this client's comfort? (Select all that apply.)
1. Turning and repositioning might add to or alleviate pain.
2. There is no limit on the amount of opioids that can be provided.
3. The pain of dying cannot be adequately treated with medication.
4. The family should not be permitted in the room when care is being given.
5. The client should be coached through alternative pain management approaches.
Answer: 1, 2
1. Frequent position changes may increase or decrease pain.
2. At the end of life, there is no maximum allowable dose for opioids. The dose should be increased to whatever is necessary to relieve pain.
3. Pain can be adequately treated.
4. There is no reason to limit the family at this time.
5. Alternative pain management approaches are not appropriate at this time.
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