Compare gene regulation in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, and explain the benefits of each regulatory arrangement
What will be an ideal response?
ANSWER: In prokaryotes, the entire organism consists of a single cell. Because prokaryotes do not
contain membrane-bound organelles (such as the nucleus), the processes of transcription and
translation are not separated. Thus, transcription and translation can occur almost
simultaneously, and gene expression can be altered very quickly to respond to changing
environmental conditions. Since translation can begin as soon as a transcript begins to be
produced, the major form of gene expression control is at the level of transcription. In
contrast, in eukaryotic organisms, the regulation is more complicated. Regulation of gene
expression in eukaryotes must account for the complexity of eukaryotes: eukaryotic DNA is
organized into nucleosomes, eukaryotes produce large numbers and types of cells, and the
processes of transcription and translation are separated by the nuclear envelope in eukaryotes.
By regulating gene expression at multiple stages (i.e., transcriptional, posttranscriptional,
translational, and posttranslational), eukaryotic organisms can coordinate cell division,
differentiation, body development, and normal cellular functions.
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The Calvin cycle
A) is responsible for the fixation of CO2 into cell material. B) utilizes both NAD(P)H and ATP. C) requires both ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase. D) uses CO2, NAD(P)H, and ATP to make biomass with ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and phosphoribulokinase.
The most widely accepted hypothesis for how plants detect gravity posits that plants detect gravity the
same why animals detect gravity.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false.Four of the following characterize most prokaryotes. Which one is the exception?
a. lack of a nucleus b. a single circular chromosome c. cell wall
d. complex internal membranes e. great metabolic diversity
This genetic disorder causes red blood cells to assume an unusual shape and produce abnormal hemoglobin proteins.
A. Tay-Sachs disease B. Huntington's disease C. achondroplasia D. sickle-cell disease