The nurse is assessing a patient with liver failure for the presence of hope. Which of the following is a universal component of hope?
A) Realistic assessment of resources
B) Ignoring negative outcomes
C) Envisioning one outcome
D) Avoiding an actual or potential threat
Ans: A
Feedback: Morse and Doberneck (1995) define universal components of hope as realistic initial assessment of the threat, envisioning alternatives and setting goals, bracing for negative outcomes, and a realistic assessment of resources.
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