If you appeal to someone’s feelings to gain acceptance of an argument, you are slipping into the logical fallacy of:
a. false cause and effect
b. unwarranted assumption
c. personal attack
d. emotional appeal
ANSWER:
d
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How is language development for children with IDD different from same age peers?
a. There is a rate difference and a qualitative difference. b. There is a qualitative difference but no rate difference. c. It is sparser, but the content difference is negligible. d. It is not substantially different.
Which of the following is not another way of referring to a sight word approach?
a. Look-and-say approach b. Whole-word approach c. Phonics approach d. None of these
A music teacher had noticed that some students went to pieces during exams. He wanted to test whether this performance anxiety was different for people playing different instruments. He took groups of guitarists, drummers and pianists (variable = ‘Instru’) and measured their anxiety (variable = ‘Anxiety’) during the exam. He also noted the type of exam they were performing (in the UK, musical instrument exams are known as ‘grades’ and range from 1 to 8). He wanted to see whether the type of instrument played affected performance anxiety when accounting for the grade of the exam. Which of the following statements best reflects what the effect of ‘Instru’ in the output table below tells us?
A. The type of instrument played in the exam had a significant effect on the level of anxiety experienced. B. The type of instrument played in the exam had a significant effect on the level of anxiety experienced, even after the effect of the grade of the exam had been accounted for. C. The type of instrument played in the exam did not have a significant effect on the level of anxiety experienced. D. The type of instrument played in the exam did not have a significant effect on the level of anxiety experienced, even after the effect of the grade of the exam had been accounted for.
How should one handle post hoc analyses or HARKing? What are the problems with considering results that emerge rather than those that were hypothesized? Should researchers simply not do this, or are there good reasons for conducting such analyses?
What will be an ideal response?