What did Leon Festinger's (1957) original formulation of dissonance theory posit? Be sure to address what cognitive dissonance is, how and when it arises, and what people do to reduce it
What will be an ideal response?
Answer: First, cognitive dissonance is a state of unpleasant arousal (like hunger or thirst) that we are motivated to reduce. Dissonance arises when cognitions that we hold are psychologically inconsistent with one another. To reduce dissonance, we can change our behaviors to bring them into line with our cognitions; we can also change the cognitions themselves by changing one or more cognitions to make them more consonant with our behaviors or with one another; or we can add new cognitions that are consonant with our behaviors or other cognitions.
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Normative influence tends to produce ____, whereas informational influence leads to ____
a. compliance? obedience b. conversion? compliance c. public conformity? private conformity d. pluralistic ignorance? pluralistic knowledge
Mrs. Taylor has two new immigrant girls in her fourth-grade class: Soledad from Mexico and Li-Hua from China. Should she expect the two to differ in how they display emotion?
a. No, the two cultures have similar display rules. b. No, because they're both female, they will both express their emotions. c. No, because they're both female, they will both suppress their emotions. d. Yes, Soledad will suppress her emotions, but Li-Hua will express them. e. Yes, Soledad will express her emotions, but Li-Hua will suppress them.
After release from a hospital, schizophrenic patients have a higher relapse rate if
a. their home life consists of people with who express little emotion to them. b. the patient has trouble expressing his or her emotions. c. they return to a home high in expressed emotion. d. their family avoids being hostile or critical of their behavior.
Your friend is concerned about his nephew who is very active and is constantly injuring himself. What would you tell him to help him worry less?
His son's motor development is advanced enough to do quite a bit, but his cognitive development is not able to anticipate situations that might be dangerous. His son's motor development is not very advanced and he is going to be involved in many accidents. His son's visual processing is lagging behind his motor development and he simply cannot see very well. His son's attention skills are not yet fully developed and his son is likely to not pay attention to his father's warnings to be careful.