According to contingency theory, a randomly presented conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus would not change behavior because
a. the conditioned stimulus did not provide strong enough reinforcement.
b. the unconditioned stimulus is presented before the conditioned stimulus.
c. classical conditioning can only be effective when the behavior is performed in a highly structured environment.
d. the conditioned stimulus does not provide information about the unconditioned stimulus.
D
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With respect to the feminist movement, Asian women often find that
a. their cultural background is consistent with feminist goals. b. their cultural background does not emphasize women's strength or social change. c. because women are relatively invisible in their culture, males are not especially concerned about their efforts to achieve feminist goals. d. direct methods are usually most effective in bringing about social change.
The idea of _____ is based on the notion that people make implicit social comparisons with others when making ratings on scales, rather than relying on direct inferences about a private, personal value system (Peng, Nisbett, & Wong, 1997)
a) acquiescence bias b) extreme response bias c) reference group effect d) implication effect
Oral medications like Viagra, Levitra, and Cialis ____
a. can cure erectile dysfunction b. may aid sexual arousal and performance by stimulating men's expectations c. improve sexual performance among men without sexual dysfunction by causing even stiffer erections d. have redefined erectile dysfunction as a medical problem rather than a quality-of-life issue
Within-subjects designs reduce variability in the data compared with between-subjects designs.
Answer the following statement true (T) or false (F)