The good genes model predicts that the evolution of female preference for a male trait can never result in detrimental effects for the female

How can this prediction be reconciled with sexually selected male traits that are detri-mental to females (e.g., Drosophila male accessory gland proteins)?
a. It cannot be reconciled, and the good genes model is invalid.
b. Costs to females are never real and are always compensated by an overall gain in fitness.
c. Intrasexual selection among males leads to traits that are detrimental to females.
d. Detrimental effects to females are balanced by equally detrimental effects in males.
e. C and D.


A

Biology & Microbiology

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