Cite evidence that suggests that young children's underextensions and overextensions are purposeful
What will be an ideal response?
When young children first learn words, they often do not use them just as adults do. They may apply words too narrowly, an error called underextension. For example, a young child may use the word "bear" to refer only to a special teddy bear to which he or she has become attached. A more common error between 1 and 2½ years is overextension—applying a word to a wider collection of objects and events than is appropriate. For example, a toddler might use the word "car" for buses, trains, trucks, and fire engines.
Toddlers' overextensions reflect their remarkable sensitivity to categorical relations. They apply a new word to a group of similar experiences, such as "dog" for any furry, four-legged animal or "open" to mean opening a door, peeling fruit, and untying shoe laces. Furthermore, the toddler who refers to trucks, trains, and bikes as "cars" is likely to point to these objects correctly when given their names in comprehension tasks. This suggests that children often overextend deliberately because they have difficulty recalling or have not acquired a suitable word. And when a word is hard to pronounce, toddlers frequently substitute a related one they can say. As vocabulary and pronunciation improve, overextensions disappear.
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As described in the text, the standards against which people compare themselves ____ supplied by culture and ____
a. can be (but are not always); can dictate both negatives and positives (what not to do as well as what to do) b. can be (but are not always); only dictate positives (what to do) c. are always; can dictate both negatives and positives (what not to do as well as what to do) d. are always; only dictate positives (what to do)
Researchers studying the relationship between placebo effects and the cost of medicine reported:
A. the placebo effects depend on both the cost and the patient's perception of the doctor's competence B. no relationship was found C. the pricier the pill, the stronger the placebo effects D. the pricier the pill, the weaker the placebo effects
While anxiety is an appropriate response to a threat, it becomes evidence of a psychological disorder when it
a. feels unpleasant. c. is excessive. b. cannot be concealed. d. cannot be ignored.
One explanation for schizophrenia holds that schizophrenic individuals have difficulty in filtering their attention. This is most closely related to the concept of
A) cognitive economy. B) schema development. C) chunking. D) top-down processing.