Which of the following normally occurs when a doctor's reflex hammer taps a patient's patellar tendon?
A. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of intrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.
B. Alpha motor neurons stimulate contraction of extrafusal fibers in extensor muscles.
C. Alpha motor neurons that innervate ipsilateral flexor muscles are stimulated.
D. Inhibitory interneurons reduce action potential firing in alpha motor neurons to extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.
E. Golgi tendon organs in the patellar tendon stimulate the contraction of extrafusal fibers of extensor muscles.
B
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If pure water and a solution containing a nonpenetrating solute are separated by a membrane that is permeable only to water, what would occur?
A. Water will diffuse by osmosis until all of the water is on the same side as the solute. B. No movement will occur between the compartments. C. Water will diffuse by osmosis toward the side with the solute, until stopped by opposing hydrostatic pressure. D. Water will diffuse by osmosis away from the side with the solute, until stopped by hydrostatic pressure. E. Water will diffuse by osmosis until the water concentrations in the two compartments become equal.
________ is the term describing regulation of cellular activity by chemical mediators produced by that same cell.
Fill in the blank(s) with the appropriate word(s).
The slimy mucus covering amphibian skin is designed to do all of the following EXCEPT:
A) prevent excessive water absorption B) conserve moisture C) aid in breathing D) serve as a defensive mechanism
Under ordinary circumstances, the inflation reflex is initiated by
A) Noxious chemicals B) ventral respiratory group C) overinflation of the alveoli and bronchioles D) the pontine respiratory group