How did the migrations of the Thule and the Norse affect change in the cultures of North America in the eleventh and twelfth century?

Question

What will be an ideal response?

Answer 1

A. Migration of the Thule
1. warming trend made navigation easier
2. sea travelers with well-adapted boats
a. vessels were shallow so that they could hug the shore
b. light to enable the voyagers to lift them from between ice floes
c. crews could camp under the upturned hulls
3. brought hunting techniques
a. hunted at sea for whales and polar bears
b. mounted harpoons on floats made from seal bladders, which they blew up like balloons
c. they attacked their prey from rafts of ice
d. in warfare against human enemies, they reintroduced the bow and arrow
4. were first and only group to navigate the Arctic until the twentieth century
5. blazed a trail of abundance, drawn by the fat-rich foods of the Arctic
B. Migration of the Norse
1. series of exploitable currents helped Norse navigators from Scandinavia cross the north Atlantic ocean
2. navigation techniques
a. judging their latitude by observing the polestar with the naked eye on cloudless nights
b. sun compass—a stump of wood with a protruding stick
3. Norse were usually escapees or exiles from poverty or restricted social opportunity
4. Norse introduced changes to environment
a. they introduced grain and European grasses
b. they developed sheep for wool
c. built superior wooden ships
d. built elaborate cities and settlements
1. Brattahlid in western Greenland had 17 monasteries and churches of stone and bells of bronze
2. cathedral at Gardar was built between 1189 and 1200, of red sandstone and molded soapstone, with a bell tower, glass windows, and three fireplaces
3. largest farms supported an aristocratic way of life, with big halls in which to feast