Edward is a hardworking employee at Holmes Community Credit Union who has never been complimented or rewarded by his boss for doing his work well. As a result, Edward never expects his good work to be recognized. According to the expectancy theory, Edward's lack of expectation of being rewarded reveals
A) low valence for the outcome.
B) low instrumentality.
C) high instrumentality.
D) high valence for the outcome.
E) high expectancy.
B) low instrumentality.
Answer: B
Explanation: According to the expectancy theory, instrumentality is the link between performance and outcome. Edward does not expect his work to be rewarded because he has low instrumentality, that is, Edward has a low perceived likelihood that his performance will be followed by a positive outcome from his boss.
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