A client arrives in the emergency department with complaints of nausea and pain in the left shoulder and arm. The physician determines that the client is having a myocardial infarction (heart attack)
What type of pain does the nurse understand the client is experiencing since the location of the pain is not the chest? A) Breakthrough pain
B) Chronic pain
C) Neuropathic pain
D) Referred pain
D
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Referred pain is a term used to describe discomfort that is perceived in a general area of the body but not in the exact site where an organ is anatomically located. Breakthrough pain is when chronic pain sufferers have periods of acute pain. Neuropathic pain is pain that is processed abnormally by the nervous system, resulting from damage to either the pain pathways in peripheral nerves or pain processing centers in the brain.
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The nurse working with a client who is experiencing anxiety keeps in mind that which of the following is a core theme found at any level of anxiety?
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a. infectious agent in sufficient numbers. b. mode of transmission and mode of entry. c. a susceptible host. d. all of the above.