When children are in the babbling stage of language development,
they tend to repeat the particular speech sounds that attract the attention of their caretakers, while rarely repeating those speech sounds that do not receive attention from their caretakers. The fact that some speech sounds are repeated less frequently is due to the behavioral effect known as
a. punishment.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. aversive conditioning.
d. nonreinforcement.
ANSWER: d
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In which of the following scenarios is Roxie, the dog, most likely to rapidly learn to associate a conditioned stimulus with food?
a. ?When Roxie’s owner gets home from work, sometimes she gives Roxie a food treat right away; other times, they go for a short walk before Roxie is given the treat. b. ?During the week, Roxie gets treats for not scratching the furniture; during the weekend, she gets treats for performing complex tricks. c. ?Roxie’s owner has two sons: The older son teaches Roxie tricks and sometimes rewards her with a treat; the younger son likes to play fetch with Roxie. d. ?Each morning, Roxie’s owner opens the squeaky kitchen cupboard, pours dog food into a bowl, and immediately puts the bowl of food on the floor for Roxie to eat.
Mental reminders that you create by forming vivid mental images of information or associating new information with information that you already know are:
a. proactive interference c. accuracy b. retroactive interference d. retrieval cues
The nucleus of the solitary tract is located in the a. medulla
b. pons. c. tectum. d. tegmentum.
Erikson referred to the stage of early childhood as initiative v. guilt
Indicate whether the statement is true or false