What effect does positive-pressure ventilation have on fluid balance?
a. It increases urinary output.
b. It increases renal perfusion.
c. It causes renal malfunction.
d. It increases plasma ADH levels.
ANS: D
Positive-pressure ventilation increases the plasma antidiuretic hormone level. Renal malfunction does directly affect fluid balance, but it is not caused by PPV. PPV decreases urinary output be-cause of the increased levels of ADH. PPV may also decrease renal perfusion.
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