In which of the following conditions would late-inspiratory crackles be most likely to occur? 1. Emphysema 2. Pulmonary fibrosis 3. Pneumonia 4. Pulmonary edema
a. 2, 3, and 4 only
b. 1, 3, and 4 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1 and 2 only
ANS: A
Late-inspiratory crackles are most common in patients with respiratory disorders that reduce lung volume. These disorders include atelectasis, pneumonia, pulmonary edema, and pulmonary fibro-sis (Table 16-4).
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