What were the significant technological developments in the Late Middle Ages, and how were they responsible for expanding the European economy?
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ANSWER:
Technological improvements in agriculture included plows that were better suited to cultivating the heavy northern European soils. These plows cut deep and turned the soil. The efficiency of horses was further increased by the development of better harnesses and horse collars. The three-field system of cultivation decreased farm-labor requirements, freeing workers for other pursuits. Improvements in agricultural technology and techniques provided a growing food surplus, which stimulated the return to a money-based economy and supported manufacturing and trade. Those improvements helped cities and regions become independent from church and feudal control. Improved central administrations and consolidated power eventually led to strong national kingdoms.
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