Roger wants to study whether the level of personal income predicts happiness. He operationally defines income as "the gross amount of money a person earns in a calendar year." He operationally defines happiness as "the ability of that person to stand on one leg for longer than 3 minutes." What is glaringly wrong with Roger's study?
A) It lacks validity; income can be measured, but happiness cannot.
B) It lacks reliability; the operational definitions of the properties under study produce inconsistent measurements.
C) It lacks validity; the operational definition of happiness is unrelated to the underlying property of happiness.
D) It lacks reliability; it is difficult to precisely measure both income and happiness.
C) It lacks validity; the operational definition of happiness is unrelated to the underlying property of happiness.
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