What is a criticism that Meehl (1990) directs towards data exploration?
a. Data exploration gives rise to statistically significant findings that are meaningless.
b. Data exploration tends to lead to already-established findings and is thus a waste of time.
c. Data exploration is unethical because any findings obtained through this method were not predicted by previous theory.
d. Data exploration contributes to the preference for large data sets rather than smaller experiments.
Answer: a. Data exploration gives rise to statistically significant findings that are meaningless.
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