The nurse is performing a gastrointestinal assessment on a 7-year-old boy. The parents are assisting with the history. Which assessment findings are indicative of constipation? Select all that apply
A) "Our child only has 3 to 4 bowel movements per week."
B) "Our child complains of pain because his bowel movements are so hard."
C) "Our child tells us that his belly hurts a lot of the time."
D) "I can tell he holds his bowel movement much of the time because of the way he stands."
E) "I find smears of stool in his underwear almost every day."
Ans: B, C, D, E
Pain, stool withholding behavior (retentive posturing), and encopresis (soiling of fecal contents into the underwear beyond the age of expected toilet training) are all signs of chronic functional constipation. Less than 3 bowel movements is considered constipation.
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