What evidence does Claude Steele present in support of the stereotype vulnerability hypothesis as it relates to intelligence testing?

a) African Americans from geographic regions known for high rates of discrimination obtain lower scores.
b) When tests are administered by white examiners, scores obtained by African American students are lower.
c) When questions on intelligence tests are written in white English, the scores of African Americans tend to be lower.
d) African-American students who are told a test measures intelligence as opposed to problem solving obtain lower scores.


D

Psychology

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Psychology