An example of pharming is ____
a. photosynthetic bacteria that clean up oil spills
b. transgenic sheep that produce a protein required for normal blood clotting in humans
c. E. coli that synthesize restriction enzymes for use in genetic engineering
d. yeast that produce ethanol for use as fuel in vehicles
e. a genetically modified crop plant that is resistant to pesticide
ANSWER: b
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You are leading a team of researchers at a pharmaceutical company. Your goal is to design drugs that help fight cancer. Specifically, you want to focus on drugs that bind to and inactivate certain proteins, thereby halting cell cycle progression. One of your team members suggests targeting the retinoblastoma (Rb) protein and inhibiting this protein. Will this approach be successful? Why or why not?
A. This approach will not be successful. Rb is tumor-suppressor protein, and functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would essentially create the same situation as in as a cell that lacks both copies of the Rb gene. Lack of Rb activity would release the inhibition of cell cycle regulatory proteins, thereby promoting cell cycle progression, rather than halting it. B. This approach will be successful. Rb is an oncogene, and functions to activate a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would halt the cell cycle in cells that contain an active Rb. As a result, cancer cells expressing a constitutively active Rb protein would be good targets for this type of therapeutic. C. This approach will be successful. Rb is tumor-suppressor protein, and functions to inhibit the action of a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would activate cell cycle inhibition. Lack of Rb activity would therefore inhibit the cell cycle regulatory proteins. D. This approach will not be successful. Rb is an oncogene, and functions to activate a number of cell cycle regulatory proteins. A drug designed to inactivate the Rb protein would actually activate cell cycle progression. As a result, this drug would likely make this situation worse for patients whose cancer cells contain mutant Rb. Clarify Question · What is the key concept addressed by the question? · What type of thinking is required? · What key words does the question contain and what do they mean? Gather Content · What do you know about Rb? How does it relate to the question? Consider Possibilities · What other information is related to the question? Which information is most useful? Choose Answer · Given what you now know, what information and/or problem solving approach is most likely to produce the correct answer? Reflect on Process · Did your problem-solving process lead you to the correct answer? If not, where did the process break down or lead you astray? How can you revise your approach to produce a more desirable result?
From which chamber of the heart does the right ventricle receive blood?
(a) right atrium. (b) left atrium. (c) left ventricle. (d) none of the above.
The ________ is the respiratory center that appears to facilitate the transition between inspiration and expiration.
A) ventral respiratory group B) central pattern generator C) dorsal respiratory group D) pontine respiratory group E) medullary respiratory group
Which of these pairs is correctly matched?
A) IgE: typically structured as a pentamer B) IgG: first immunoglobulin produced in a primary immune response C) IgM: readily crosses the placenta to protect the fetus/newborn D) IgA: found in secretions such as colostrum, tears, and mucus