Trophic levels form the basis of food chains and food webs. Thoroughly discuss and give examples of the four trophic

levels plus decomposers. Use a specific ecosystem (such as the desert, forest, etc.) to show the relationships between the
various levels. Make sure you use real plants and animals as examples. What will be an ideal response?


The four trophic levels are: 1) primary producers; 2) primary consumers; 3) secondary
consumers; 4) tertiary consumers and decomposers.
An example might be a prairie ecosystem where a mouse eats grass; a snake eats the mouse;
and an owl eats the snake. The primary producer is the grass; the primary consumer is the
mouse; the secondary consumer is the snake; and the tertiary consumer is the owl. An
example of a decomposer could be bacteria living in the soil.

Biology & Microbiology

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The fungus Botrytis cinerea infects grapes. When grapes infected with this fungus are picked at the appropriate stage, they produce a delicious sweet wine. In order for wine producers to encourage this infection, they could try to enhance the function of which fungal genes?

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Biology & Microbiology