Explain dynamic systems theory of motor development
What will be an ideal response?
According to dynamic systems theory, mastery of motor skills involves acquiring increasingly complex systems of action. When motor skills work as a system, separate abilities blend together, each cooperating with others to produce more effective ways of exploring and controlling the environment. For example, control of the head and upper chest combine into sitting with support. Each new skill is a joint product of four factors: 1. central nervous system development, 2. the body's movement capacities, 3. the goals the child has in mind, and 4. environmental supports for the skill. Change in any element makes the system less stable, and the child starts to explore and select new, more effective motor patterns. The broader physical environment profoundly influences motor skills. For example, infants with stairs in their home learn to crawl up stairs at an earlier age.
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In general, which of the following would tend to decrease pain?
a. unpleasant emotions b. having some control over the pain c. focusing directly on the pain d. all of these
Stress might interact with the development of depressed mood by a. leading to a longer and prolonged release of serotonin
b. leading to a longer and prolonged release of cortisol. c. interfering with cortisol reuptake. d. reducing the synthesis of serotonin.
In Rogers view, neurotics are:
a. congruent b. fully functioning c. incongruent d. facilitative
A strong emphasis in Bandura's theory is on:
a. observational learning b. the psychodynamic approach to learning c. participatory learning d. classical conditioning